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GRAMMAR

Подпись: We use much and little with uncountable nouns:
much time much luck little energy little money
We use many and few with plural nouns:
many friends many people few cars few countries
We use a lot of / lots of / plenty of with uncountable and plural nouns:
a lot of luck lots of time plenty of money
a lot of friends lots of people plenty of ideas
Plenty = more than enough:
There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty of time.
I've had plenty to eat. I don't want any more.
We use much/many especially in negative sentences and questions. A lot (of) is also possible:
We didn't spend much money, (or We didn't spend a lot of money.)
Do you know many people? (or Do you know a lot of people?)
I don't go out much, (or I don't go out a lot.)
In positive sentences a lot (of) is more usual. Much is unusual in positive sentences in spoken
English: We spent a lot of money, (not 'We spent much money')
He goes out a lot. (not 'He goes out much')
Little and few (without 'a') are negative ideas (= not much / not many):
We must be quick. There is little time. (= not much, not enough time)
He isn't popular. He has few friends. (= not many, not enough friends)
You can say very little and very few:
There is very little time.
He has very few friends.
A little and a few are more positive. A little = some, a small amount:
Let's go and have a drink. We've got a little time before the train leaves,
(a little time = some time, enough time to have a drink)
Do you speak English?' 'A little.' (so we can talk a bit)

FEW

WHO WHICH

Подпись: Look at this example sentence:
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
' relative clause '
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of
person or thing) the speaker means:
The woman who lives next door... ('who lives next door' tells us which woman)
People who live in London... ('who live in London' tells us what kind of people)
We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things). We use who
instead of he/she/they:
| the woman - she lives next door - is a doctor
| => The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
| | we know a lot of people - they live in London
| => We know a lot of people who live in London.
An architect is someone who designs buildings.
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday.
You can also use that (instead of who):
The man that lives next door is very friendly.
When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not 'who') in a relative clause:
where is the cheese? - it was in the fridge
Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which instead of he/she/they/it. So we say:
Do you know the woman who lives next door? (not '...the woman she lives next door')

PAST SIMPLE

For example:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian
musician and composer. He lived from 1756
to 1791. He started composing at the age of
five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
He was only 35 years old when he died.
Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple.

Подпись: Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):
I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a shop.
We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
For spelling (stopped, studied etc.)
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example:
write => wrote Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of musi
see => saw We saw Rose in town a few days ago.
go => went I went to the cinema three times last week,
shut => shut It was cold, so I shut the window.

A: Did you go out last night?
B: Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn't enjoy the film much.
'When did Mr Thomas die?' 'About ten years ago.'
They didn't invite her to the party, so she didn't go.
'Did you have time to write the letter?' 'No, I didn't.'
Be careful when do is the main verb in the sentence:
What did you do at the weekend? (not 'what did you at the weekend')
I didn't do anything, (not 'I didn't anything')

-’s

Подпись: We normally use -'s for people or animals (the girl's... / the horse's... etc.):
the girl's name the horse's tail Mr Evans's daughter
a woman's hat the manager's office Sarah's eyes
Where is the manager's office? (not 'the office of the manager')
What colour are Sarah's eyes? (not 'the eyes of Sarah')
Note that you can use -'s without a following noun:
This isn't my book. It's my brother's. (= my brother's book)
We do not always use -'s for people. For example, we would use of... in this sentence:
What is the name of the man who lent us the money? ('the man who lent us the money' is too long to be followed by -'s)
Note that we say a woman's hat (= a hat for a woman), a boy's name (= a name for a boy), a bird's egg (= an egg laid by a bird) etc.
For things, ideas etc. we normally use of (...of the book / ...of the restaurant etc.):
the door of the garage (not 'the garage's door')
the name of the book the owner of the restaurant
Sometimes you can use the structure noun + noun :
the garage door the restaurant owner
We normally use of (not noun + noun ) with the beginning / end / top / bottom / front / back /
middle / side etc. So we say:
the back of the car (not 'the car back')
the beginning of the month
After a singular noun we use -'s:
my sister's room (= her room - one sister) Mr Carter's house
After a plural noun (sisters-, friends etc.) we put' (an apostrophe) after the s (s'):
my sisters' room (= their room - two or more sisters)
the Carters' house (Mr and Mrs Carter)
If a plural noun does not end in -s (for example, men / women / children / people) we use -'s:
the men's changing room a children's book (- a book for children)
Note that you can use -'s after more than one noun:
Jack and Jill's wedding Mr and Mrs Carter's house

THE

Подпись: We do not normally use 'the' with names of places. For example:
continents Africa (not 'the Africa'), Europe, South America
countries France [not 'the France'), Japan, Switzerland
states, regions etc. Texas, Cornwall, Tuscany, Central Europe
islands Corsica, Sicily, Bermuda
cities, towns etc. Cairo, New York, Madrid
mountains Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro
But we use the in names with 'Republic', 'Kingdom', 'States' etc.:
the United States of America (the USA) the United Kingdom (the UK)
the Dominican Republic
Compare:
We visited Canada and the United States.
We use mount (= mountain) and lake in the same way (without 'the'):
Mount Everest (not 'the...') Mount Etna Lake Superior Lake Constance
They live near the lake, but They live near Lake Constance, (without 'the')
We use the with the names of oceans, seas, rivers and canals:
the Atlantic (Ocean) the Mediterranean (Sea) the Red Sea
the Indian Ocean
the (River) Amazon
the Channel (between France and Britain)
the (River) Thames the Nile
the Suez Canal
the Rhine
We use the with plural names of people and places:
people the Taylors (= the Taylor family), the Johnsons
countries the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United States
groups of islands the Canaries / the Canary Islands, the Bahamas, the British Isles
mountain ranges the Rocky Mountains / the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps
The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc, (not 'the Mont Blanc')